Accounting Theory- Stakeholders - 1220 Words

Question: Taking into account Figure 3.4 on page 45 of your textbook (Stakeholder Typology: One, Two, or Three Attributes Present) discuss the ‘Ethics in Practice case’ on page 46 (Are Plants and Flowers Stakeholders? Do they have rights?) Freeman (1984, P. 46) popularized the definition of a stakeholder as ‘. . . ANY group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives’. This is a very broad definition meaning that in today’s global business environment any individuals and groups may be business’s stakeholders (Davey, 2015). This sparks the debate about whether or not the natural environment can be identifiable as a stakeholder. In the ethics in practice case ‘Are Plants and Flowers†¦show more content†¦Legitimacy- This perceives appropriateness or a shareholder’s claim to a stake. Stakeholder legitimacy is defined as a ‘desirable social good’, and legitimate stakeholders are those that ‘really count’ (Mitchell et al., 1997). Stakeholders with an obvious, formal and direct relationship to the company such as owners, customers, and employees have a high degree of legitimacy. Authors excluding the natural environment from being a stakeholder say the natural environment does not have a degree of legitimacy because of it lack of human characteristics and a lack of perceived obligation between it and organizations (Phillips and Reichart, 2000). However Haigh and Griffiths (2009) argue that the natural environment is a legitimate stakeholder because managers address environmental issues to maintain their ‘right to operate’. Urgency- Urgency is the degree to which an issue requires immediate action (Mitchell et al., 1997). Extreme weather, as a result of climate change fits this description because it can have devastating impacts. For example, major environmental disasters (e.g. storms and tsunamis) demand urgency and power as they often result in life threatening situations. This results in legitimacy as they require immediate reaction due to the nature of destruction and the effects on the economic, physical and social environment (Davey, 2015). Power- Power is the ability to influence others toShow MoreRelatedTess666 Words   |  3 PagesUtility of Stakeholder Theory for Sustainable Business Introduction Strategies employed by international companies to gain competitive advantage over their rivals differ from one company to another. One way of doing this is ensuring that they are environmentally conscious in how they partake their activities. In this modern age, they should not only focus on profit making but also consider how their activities affect the stakeholders of the business; hence the stakeholder model. The Stakeholder ModelRead MoreCorporate Governance : Good Business Management1658 Words   |  7 Pagesefficient, effective, honest, transparent and democratic. A company with high quality management will have access to financing (public or private) in better conditions and terms. This implies appropriate business decisions to reach a higher level of accounting transparency, more efficiently managing business problems, and giving people, who are not involved in decision making, the guarantee that their interests are well protected (Monks 2011, p.10). But the most important, perhaps, is that a good implementationRead MoreStakeholder Theory Of The Firm1423 Words   |  6 PagesEven though the stakeholder theory of the firm served as a comprehensive fundamentally solid concept for corporate social responsibility to branch out of; without the stakeholder theory of the firm there is no corporate social responsibility and vice versa, because business cannot exist without society and soci ety is not sustainable without business, due to advancements in the modern world, business and society have evolved, and traditional business theories have a narrow business scope, while contemporaryRead MoreStakeholders Theory5106 Words   |  21 PagesThe stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization.[1] It was originally detailed by R. Edward Freeman in the book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, and identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups. In short, it attempts to address the Principle of WhoRead MoreManagerial Stakeholder Theory - Essay2991 Words   |  12 PagesManagerial Stakeholder Theory To predict real-life phenomena we need theories. Similarly, stakeholder theory is a theory which is used to explain the phenomena of motivation for corporate social disclosures. This research work is based on the concept of stakeholder theory and its practical applications in predicting the phenomena of corporate social disclosures (van der Laan 2009). Further there will be explanation of Managerial stakeholder theory. The concept of stakeholder theory has got popularityRead MoreEssay on Financial Accounting Theory1727 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION 1 a. Outline the objective and the principles of a theory that prescribes fair value accounting. Fair value accounting is to measure selected assets at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The objective of fair value accounting is linked with the objective of ‘decision usefulness’ of general purpose financial reporting. That is, to provide relevant information thatRead MoreEthical Concerns in Corporate Finance: A Closer Look at Earnings Management1640 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern in the corporate world. With the flexible accounting standards under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Accounting Standards (IAS), there are many grey areas of what is, and is not, ethical. Earnings management falls in this grey area. Earnings management is the term used to describe the process of manipulating earnings of the firm to achieve a target predetermined by management. The flexibility of accounting standards may cause some variability in earningsRead MoreBusiness Law and Ethics Case Study1141 Words   |  5 PagesPart A Utilitarianism Upon applying utilitarianism theory to Tom’s current situation, Tom would maximise the greatest good and increase the happiness of more people and parties by exaggerating his work experience. The first party that would benefit from this is his parents. As was said in the case study (2014), Tom’s mother had lost her job a few years ago and has remained unemployed since. Tom’s father has also not been doing well financially, as his business has not been doing well as of latelyRead MoreThe Theory Provided By Magarey1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory provided by Magarey (2012) indicates that there are several elements in this article associated with this research question: a. The revolution is that integrated reporting provides assistance for the company to prepare the financial and non-financial reporting together for the stakeholders, which makes the company to consider the long term goal of the company (i.e., Hillman Keim 2001). b. The IR enhances the involvement of stakeholders, it creates the most effective and transparentRead MoreAdvanced Accounting Theory Project Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Do corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports provide shareholders and stakeholders with useful information on corporate social and environmental performance or are they merely a public relations vehicle? Answer this question by reference to a variety of accounting theories. There are many definitions to Corporate Social responsibility(CSR). One most common definition is that CSR is the consideration and response of the firm to issues that are beyond the regular technical, legal, and environmental

Causal Argument Paper On The Human Organ Black Market

Causal Argument Paper on the Human Organ Black Market â€Å"The measure of a life, after all, is not its duration, but its donation.† (Corrie Ten Boom) As living creatures our organs are a very vital detail into who, what we are and how we work. We would not be able survive well and live our lives to the fullest that we possibly can, if we did not have them. Organ donation is a very important thing, whether it is just a kidney to be a live donor. Or giving it all when life is over and a new chapter begins. Even though people do attribute to organ donation there are just not enough people doing it, and now people are getting rich off of this misfortunes of others. â€Å"I think you should automatically donate your organs because that would turn the balance of organ donation in a huge way. I would donate whatever anybody would take, and I d probably do the cremation bit.† (George Clooney) Even though people do attribute to organ donation there are just not enough people doing it. When someone chooses to register to donate organs, that person is considered a modern day hero. By means of donation every person who registers to become an organ donor can save the lives of up to 8 other people. As of April 2015 there were 123,193 patients waiting for an organ transplant. Over 100,000 of the patients that are on that list just due to needing a kidney. Every month around 3,000 new patients are added to the waiting list, that comes out to about a new patient every 10 to 14 minutes (OrganShow MoreRelatedRace, Education and Health Essay3962 Words   |  16 PagesUS suffer from poor health, but not because they have worse genetics, rather from wors e educational opportunities. This is a problem of all those in poverty, but since a disproportionate amount of those in poverty are minorities; I am focusing my paper on how to alleviate the educational disparities within the minority population. Studies have shown that education is the ticket out of poverty and into a higher Socio–Economic Status. Therefore, by bettering educational opportunities to those who needRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesstructure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued Read MoreThe Effects of Ownership Structure, Board Effectiveness and Managerial Discretion on Performance of Listed Companies in Kenya27922 Words   |  112 Pagesmeans, or stored in a database or retrieval system without prior written permission of the author or the University of Nairobi, except in the case of brief quotations or references universally acceptable for purposes of reviews, articles or research papers. Making copies of this thesis for any purpose other than personal use is a violation of the Kenyan and International copyright laws. For further information, please contact Ongore Vincent Okoth on the following addresses: P.O. Box 18132, GPORead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesorganisms that live within it. The thesis of this report is that Genetically Modified Organisms have distinct benefits with the potential to help starving nations, combat disease and create economic growth; however the research and true benefits to humans in general is underdeveloped and under-regulated. This uncertainty leads to controversy, possible environmental impacts and health concerns. An idea good in concept, Genetically Modified Organisms creates a topic of discussion and the necessityRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesintentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMeyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

East of Eden Biblical Allusions Free Essays

Parker Hoshizaki Tully English 2 (H) 10; 1 10/5/2003 Cain and Abel: The Symbolic Trio of Pairs â€Å"Why are you so angry? Why is your face downcast? If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? † so flows verse 7, genesis 4. In John Steinbecks novel, East of Eden several allusions are made to the biblical story of Cain and Abel, the most significant of which revolves around the idea of â€Å"timshel:† which is embodied within this quotation. Repeated through the two generations the novel spans are three examples of this, patterned first by Charles and his brother Adam, then through Adam and his troubled wife Cathy, and finally through the aforementioned couples offspring Aron and the controversial character Caleb (Cal). We will write a custom essay sample on East of Eden Biblical Allusions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The vicious cycle of Cain against Abel, Brother against Brother, in the Trask family destroys these generations and yet a glimmer of hope remains through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†. Moving chronologically, Adam and Charles are the first Cain and Abel pairing in the novel. Logically, they show the closest parallelism to the original story; this parallelism can be drawn down to three main events in the storyline. The first of these events is the acceptance and denial, respectively, of gifts presented by Adam and Charles to their father, the god figure in their version of the story. This event is followed by the attempted murder of Adam by his own brother Charles, as a direct result of the previous incident. The third event is much later in the story, as Charles is trying to move a large boulder with a crowbar he slips and cuts his forehead, an injury that will leave a large scar symbolic of the mark the Lord put upon Cain after Abels murder. The second pairing in the symbolic Cain and Abel trio is that of Cathy and Adam. Cathy and Adam are an unusual Cain and Able pairing in East of Eden but are important nonetheless. The pairing of Cathy and Adam does not express its symbolisms through key events like the other two do; instead they are expressed more through their personalities then their actions. Cathy symbolizes all the most evil parts of the biblical Cain, all the evil and malice that he possessed is expressed through Cathys malicious personality. Meanwhile the innocent and happily-in-love Adam is symbolic of the purity and contentment of the Abel; that is, up until the climactic shooting of Adam by Cathy marking the end of this Cain and Abel pairing. Before introducing the third pairing there is an important character that must be analyzed. Known simply as Lee, Adams highly educated Chinese manservant is a key character in the symbolic Cain and Able cycle. After being assaulted by his wife, Adam is bedridden and empty; at this point Lee begins to act as a caretaker for his employer, looking after him and caring for his twin sons Cal and Aron. Thus it is fitting that Lee should be the one to counsel Cal in his most vulnerable moment, and plant the seed of hope in his mind. In respect to the novel, Lee serves primarily as a physical embodiment of the idea of individual ability and freedom, he preaches this to Cal through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†, a Hebrew word meaning â€Å"thou mayest†. Lee believes that Cal is not inherently evil, is not destined to follow the same path as his ancestors, and has a choice as to how he will lead his life. The third Cain and Abel pairing and perhaps the most important one is, ironically, that of Adams twin boys, Caleb and Aron. The biblical symbolism of Cal and Arons generation is simultaneously the most unusual and the most significant to the novel. With this third example returns three symbols of the original story. First is the two gifts, and once again the symbolic Abels gift is accepted while the symbolic Cains is denied, a repetition of Adams fathers favoritism. Following this event Caleb is so enraged he tells the emotionally fragile Aron of their mothers’ true identity, a whore employed in a brothel. So emotionally affected by this is Aron that he runs away and joins the army the following day. Aron is later killed in the war thus fulfilling the second symbolic Cain and Abel event. The final and most significant event in the novel is the next step in the Cain and Abel story, the marking of Cain. Cal is horribly disturbed by what he has caused his brother to do, and he is convinced that he has inherited his mothers’ evil blood and is destined for a life of evil. However through the timely and wise council of Lee, he is made to ask his father, his god, for a blessing. To which Adam responds with a single word, Timshel, symbolically breaking the families’ vicious cycle of Cain and Abel pairings. If you do not do what is right, sin is crouched at your door; it desires to have you, but you must master it. † (Genesis 4, Verse 7). Thus ends the cruel cycle of blood and malcontent that plagued the Trask family. Armed with the belief of Timshel given to Cal by Lee one may see that there is hope for the final Cain character in the book, that he may not be bound by blood and by history to be evil and that he may gain the freedom to blaze his own path i nto a future unmarred by his past. How to cite East of Eden Biblical Allusions, Papers

Cathay Pacific Management Problems free essay sample

In the following parts, we look deep into two major people management problems about the customer services officers in this company. The first one is about the protest of the reduced size and facilities of new rest room. Another one is about the increasing overtime work. ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS Problem 1 Causes Over a hundred of Customer services officers refused to work overtime for three consecutive days in order to protest the reduction of the size and facilities of their new rest room. Because of the reduction of hygiene factors, ground crews are more dissatisfied with their job and they are likely to have unionization attempts. People Management Problems First of all, the ground crews considered that they were not treated fairly as they perceived that the procedures decided by Cathay are unfair. Although the staffs are directly affected by the changing position of the new rest room, they have not been involved in this process of decision-making. Hence, due to the lack of procedural justice, it is considered to be unfair by the crews. Moreover, the reduction of the sizes and facilities of rest room caused an increase in dissatisfaction of the ground staff. In accordance with Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposites but separate constructs. Although Cathay is planning to provide sofa and television in the new rest room, this can only help the staff changes their dissatisfaction to natural. Consequences: Impacts to organizational performance Because of the reduction of hygiene factors, such as a smaller rest room and fewer facilities, job dissatisfaction was created. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work and reject to work overtime. In this case, the crews refused to work overtime for three consecutive days. And, the normal operation of the company would be affected without enough ground staff to serve customers. Thus, absenteeism will influence Cathay greatly. Finally, the changes made by Cathay Pacific, such as reducing the sizes of the rest room, caused a resistance to change of the staff. For instance, the crews refused to work. Those actions could be treated as an overt and immediate form of resistance to changes. This shows that crews did not accept their change in their condition. Hence, the employees have voiced out their comments to express their dissatisfaction. For example, the staff have gathered over 100 employees to refuse working overtime for three days and planned to continue this act at the peak period, like Christmas, if the management level ignore and do not respond to their action. Problem 2 Causes Many ground crews of Cathay Pacific claimed that their workloads are unacceptable. The problem is becoming more serious since the company is now stopping to hire new crews and requiring them to work on day-offs. Therefore, the staff thought their benefits were reduced compare with the past. People Management Problems Firstly, according to Adam’s Equity Theory, employees compare their rations of outcomes-to-inputs of relevant others. In this case, the employees compared themselves with a self-inside situation, which is comparing their current situation with it was before. They found their ration decreased because of income (effort paid) increase and outcome (salary received) decrease. Since they regarded themselves as under-rewarded, they took actions to reduce tension and want to bring the situation back to normal. For example, symbolic protest was emerged. They started to â€Å"work according to the rules† and refused an overtime work. Thus, this is one kind of illegitimate political behavior under power in action. Another problem faced by Cathay is the conflict between its management and employees. As mentioned above, the ground crews perceived that the company has negatively affected their concerned working conditions. This conflict may be resulted from poor communication between both parties, lack of openness of the company, and failure to respond to employees needs. It is obvious that Cathay failed to respond to its crews needs. Many ground staff complaint there is an increasing amount of work and overtime works. Cathay, however, did not notice the heavy workload among the staff. Thus, there is felt conflict appears among the affected employees, who have negative emotions, may create hostility, mistrust, and negative interpretation to the company. Consequences: Impacts to organizational performance Due to the negative emotions among the employees, they have a deviant workplace behavior. For example, they grouped together against the company’s policy on requiring them to work on holiday. This may affect the goodwill of Cathay. Therefore, frequent deviant workplace behavior influence the overall performance of Cathay is reduced. Moreover, they voiced out their concern by working-to-rule and refused to work overtime. They actively and constructively attempt to worsen the conditions as they realized that giving pressure to the management level could attract their attention to the situation. For example, protest against overtime work to voice out their dissatisfactions to the management level for improvement. This act would directly affect the company and the passengers as the boarding procedure is slowed down. Firstly, as the ground staff perceives that the decision process is unfair, the company should carry out participatory management, which can invite the ground staff representatives to participate in the decision making process. For example, the executive of Cathy Pacific can hold a meeting with the employees to discuss the problems and solutions together before taking any actions. Through process control, the staff will accept the final decision easier even though the result is not what they expected. Also, to give explanations for the outcomes, Cathay can provide evidence on how the company determines employees’ workload. If the crews find that the company is using the same method on determining their workload, it would reduce their feeling of being unfairly treated. As a result, it can increase the employee engagement. Secondly, in order to move the staff from natural to satisfaction, managers of Cathay Pacific should provide subordinates with motivators. Motivators include something intrinsic like sense of achievement and responsibilities. By providing them with motivators, managers can make staff feeling like the organization is treasuring their effort. It helps to increase the sense of belonging of the staff. Therefore, staff would work harder and increase their satisfaction if they perceived the organizational support. Thirdly, to reduce the absenteeism Cathay can make the staff emotionally attach to the company. By increasing the affective commitment of the ground staff, it can also raise their organizational commitment to the company. For example, Cathay can set up a department to collect the opinion and complains from the ground crews. By adopting this policy, employees will feel that Cathay is care about their needs and wants. Therefore, the perceived organizational support of the ground staff would increase, which follow by a better performance of the staff. Finally, to turn the resistance to change to be functional and help the company becoming more effective and efficient, Cathay Pacific should let the crews to have debate. Through debate, which is some kind of communication, management of Cathay could understand more about the front line staff. Also, management can share the situation of the company with the staff and try to come up an agreement that is best for all parties with the staff. Alternative solution for problem 2 Firstly, Cathay Pacific should review their employees’ outcomes-to-inputs rations. The company should restore the ration so that employees would feel they are being treated fairly. Moreover, if the O/I ratio comparing to other company of the industry is indifferent, the company can explain the reasons of reducing the room size and making frequent arrangement of overtime work to the staff. With enough communication, employees would increase the perceived organizational support. Hence, the employees believe the company values their contribution and their well being, thereby enhance the job satisfaction of the employees. Secondly, to solve the conflict problem, the intentions of the company should be decided first. It depends on the cooperativeness and assertiveness that Cathay wants to attempt. However, the best way to handle the conflict is collaborating, which is both parties desire to satisfy the concerns of one another. This means the ground crews need to understand the difficulty their company faced when many of them did not go to work simultaneously. Meanwhile, Cathay should recognize that heavy workloads arise among its employees, and certain conflict management techniques have to be used. For instance, expanding human resources can help to solve the problem. Adding more ground crews to serve customers can divide the amount of work of the present customer service officers. Consequently, customer’s satisfaction and loyalty will be increased if the frontline employees are enthusiasm for their job. The satisfied grew will be more friendly, upbeat and responsive which the customers appreciate. Also, it gives positive customer outcomes that may increase the profit of the company too. In the future, it has a positive effect towards the company.