Political Impacts Essay

Political stability is usually defined as the state of peace that is normally experienced in a country from the activities from the government and also the government in this situation will make decisions and keeping best interests in mind for people. Government initiatives are when the government can support business through grants and tax reductions. The government have their own initiatives for companies like Asda and these are the health eating and fit for life. These are campaigns that Asda will try to support then try to receive more funding from the government for advertising etc. Also when the government chooses investment finance this then involves selling part of your business shares to an investor. The investor will then take a share of any profits or losses Asda make. The government may change the tax rates up or down in an effort to try an boost the economy. An example of this is VAT which means all non-food will need their labels changing which could potentially increase profitability. `The international monetary fund describes itself as ‘an organisation of 188 countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation. It also works to secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Legal Impacts The legal impacts are that Asda must follow the law. The legal frameworks is where the business chooses the way it operates. This will determine who has what role and share to the business. It will also determine relationships between investors and employees etc. Consumer protection is when a group of laws and organisations have to ensure that the rights of a consumer are put in place to hopefully prevent businesses that are engaging in fraudulent activities etc. An example of consumer protection is the Trade Description Act. This is where the product must be described accurately otherwise it can cause an issue. It is really important that Asda describe the product well and accurately if not then the trading standards will have no choice but to get involved. Employee protection is essential in a business. Health and safety standards are the most important. New employees will partake in an induction day before they can start a full time job. They will be shown around the premises and where they can and can’t go within the company. Social Impacts Over time many changes take place in society which are relevant for business organisations. One change is demographic issues. When the population of a country is growing, there is an increase in demand for goods and services, the numbers of people making themselves available for work. This means Asda could potentially increase in their profits as population is growing so there is a possibility of gaining more customers. There have also been changes in structure as the number of older people in Britain is increasing. People tend to save when they are young and spend their savings when they are older so this also could increase profits also for Asda if they spend more in their stores. The average age of marriage is increasing and many people now live alone. Many single people are high income earners. This shows that the standard of living has increased. As it has increased it means they are likely to spend more money on food which is great for Asda as their profits increase. Male and f emale roles have been shifting as today 50% of the working population is female. The changing of gender roles has had a massive impact on consumption patterns. For example the rapid rise in the ready meals market is mainly because of families where both parents are working. This is ideal for Asda to gain more profits by stocking up on a lot of ready meals. Britain consists of many religious groups. Each religious group has its own beliefs and values. These beliefs can affect the types of goods that customers purchase and, and behaviours in the workplace. It is important that employers are familiar with these religious requirements so they can make appropriate allowances. Asda need to apply similar sensitivities to products or materials that people of different religions may touch and handle. Business ethics are the values and principles held by those that run businesses. Ethics help to shape the actions of a business and the decisions it makes. Ethic principles should go beyond legal requirements. Key ethic issues include fair trade. This is offering fair prices to suppliers often in poor countries. Also not leading customers and cheating t hem in any way and providing them with what is good and useful to them.

Report on Usha Martin

ON SALES PROCEDURES & LOGISTICS PREPARED FOR AND PRESENTED TO (WIRE & WIRE ROPE SPECIALITY DIVISION, RANCHI) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. ARUN KUMAR DEY (Assistant Manager) (Sales Co-ordination) SUBMITTED BY NIKHIL KIRAN BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI. (2008-11) ANKIT KHANDELWAL BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI. (2008-11) VIKASH KUMAR DUBEY BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI. (2008- 11) DECLARATION CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the work presented in the project entitled â€Å"SALES PROCEDURES AND LOGISTICS OF USHA MARTIN† in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION of Birla Institute Of Technology Mesra,Ranchi is an authentic work carried out under my supervision and guidance . To the best knowledge, The content of this project does not form a basis for the award of any previous degree to any one else. (A. R. SRIVASTAV) Dept Of management Birla Institute Of Technology Lalpur Extension Centre Ranchi CERTIFICATE OF APPROVALThe foregoing project e ntitled â€Å"SALES PROCEDURES & LOGISTICS OF USHA MARTIN LTD. † Is hereby approved as a credible study of research topic and has been presented in satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as perquisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not necessarily endorse any conclusion drawn or opinion expressed therein, but approve the thesis for the purpose for which it is submitted. Intenal Examiner External Examiner Head Of The DepartmentAcknowledgement The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the work would be incomplete unless I mention the people, as an expression of gratitude, who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement served as a beacon of light and crowned my efforts with success. This report would have been impossible but for the support and guidance that we received from various people at different stages of the project. Our sincere thanks to MR. A. R. SRIVASTAV whose excellent guidance, encouragement and patience has made possible the successful completion of this project.Last but not the least we extend my sincere thanks to the entire team for providing me their time and active co-operation and all who have helped me directly or indirectly in this project. CONTENTS SI. No. | Description| | Industry and Company Profile| | | | a) Vision| | b) A brief History | | c) Other Particulars | | d) Competitors | | The Project Profile| 1| | 2| Sales procedure and System| 3| Sales procedure and form| 4| Quality analysis Testing| 5| Dispatch | | The Project-Background & Methodology| 1| Research Topic| 2| Research Objective| | Research design | 4| Information Requirement| 5| Sampling | 6| Limitations| | Analysis and Recommendation| 1| Logistics | 2| Analysis of process involved in loading cycle | 3| Findings / Suggestions| 4| Analysis of Monthly Dispatch of wire and rope | 5| Findings / Suggestions | 6| Swot Analysis for UML| | Conc lusion| | BIBLIOGRAPHY| | | VISION In our chosen business, we shall retain market leadership in India and shall be globally competitive through customer orientation and excellence in quality, innovation and technology. Looking Back – A Brief History 960 – The Company was incorporated as Usha Martin Black (Wire Ropes) limited having its wire rope plant at Ranchi. The name was changed to Usha Martin Black Ltd. in 1979 and further changed to Usha Martin Industries Ltd. (UMIL) in 1983. 1962 –the production was started and the turnover that year was 996 MT and Rs. 22. 34 lakhs respectively. 1965 – UMIL promoted Usha Ismal Ltd. (UIL) in collaboration with CCL Systems Ltd of UK for the manufacture of fittings and accessories, equipment for pre-stressed concrete system, wire ropes and wire ropes splicing equipment at Ranchi.UIL merged with UMIL in 1990 and became a division of the company 1969-promoted Usha Brecko Ltd. To design, construct and erect Arial ropeway . 1971 – UMIL promoted Usha Alloy Steels Limited (UASL) for the manufacture of billets at Jamshedpur. UASL merged with UMIL in 1988. 1975 – UASL acquired an ongoing rolling mill at Agra. 1975 – UMIL set up its Machinery Division at Bangalore for the manufacture of Wire Drawing and allied machines in technical collaboration with Marshall Richards Barcro Limited (MRB) of UK. 1979 – In order to obtain steady supply of wire rods for its wire rope plant, UASL set up a Wire Rod Rolling Mill at Jamshedpur. 980-Promote Usha Siam steel industry Ltd. in Thailand to manufacturing wire, wire rope , and auto control cables. 1986-Promote Usha Beltrone Ltd. To manufacture Jelly filled. 1987 – UMIL, along with Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation, promoted Usha Beltron Ltd. (UBL) in collaboration with AEG KABEL of Germany for the manufacture of Jelly Filled Telephone Cables. 1993-Promoted Usha Martin Pvt. Ltd. a joint venture, to provide cellular, pagin g and Telecom services. 1994-Setup software division to provide IT solutions for communication application. Setup Usha Martin Europe Ltd. a distribution center at Glasgow, U.K. 1996-Promoted summit Usha Martin Finance Ltd. a joint venture to proved financial services. 1997 – UMIL merged with UBL i. e. 1st October 1997. 1998-Setup Usha Martin amerces inc. , distribution center in Houston. Setup UMLcor, South Africa, a manufacture unit and distribution center in Johannesburg. 2000 – Acquisition of specialty wire rope manufacturing plant in UK â€Å"BruntonShaw†. Commissioning of 25 MW thermal power plants for captive consumption. 2001 – – Commissioning of 2nd SMS to enhance capacity and produce quality specialty steel. 2003 – Usha Beltron Ltd Changed its name to â€Å"Usha Martin Limited (UML).UML created Fine Cord Plasticated coated Fine wires, household wire, Polymer coated wire, Fine Ropes & Bright Bars manufacturing facilities in Tatisilw ai- Ranchi. 2004-The company successful commissioned DRI and WHRB power plant at its steel division in Jamshedpur. 2005-The company signs an MOU with Joh. Pengg for manufacturing of the specialty oil tempered spring steel wire. Commences iron ore mines successfully. Railway siding commenced. 2006-Pursuant to B. T. A. the company acquired the business of Usha construction steel ltd. , Rolling mill at Agra w. e. f. 1st-dec- 2006 as a part of the steel segment. 007- Peng Usha Martin collaborates with Jo-Peng, Austria in 2007 for Special Wire. 2008-. In this year Usha Martin Limited has awarded for excellence in consistent TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) in 2008 by Japan Institute of plant maintenance (JIPM), and CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) 2009- In this year company sets some more plants inside the Tatisilwai wire and wire rope plant and the construction and upgradation is continued, like 20MW power plant is under construction which will increase the monthly production of the unit. A 3000 tn capacity LRPC plant was established in this year at Tatisilwai plant.The company acquired Netherland based distribution and Rigging Company De Ruiter Stackable B. V. Successfull commissioning of wire rope plant at Houston, America. Other Particulars IN USHA MARTIN L. T. D Location Chotanagpur Plateau Plant Area112 Acres Nearest TownRanchi (13 Km) Nearest Railway StationTatisilwai (1 Km) Nearest Airport Ranchi (17 Km) Nearest HighwayN H-33 (8 Km) Nearest PortKolkata (412 km) PowerContracted demand 8000 KVA Source-JSEB Water2400-3200 m3/day SourcesSubernekha River . Competitors for Usha Martin Ltd. GLOBAL COMPETITORS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS COMPANYCOUNTRY Kiss wireKoreaBritish RopeU. K. Haggier randSouth Africa FedgerSwitzerland Austria droughtAustria CasarGermany BridonGermany DietzGermany John ShawU. K. RedaelliItaly SFESpain TeufelbergerAustria PfeifferSwitzerland DOMESTIC COMPETITORS IN INDIA South India wireKerela Bombay Wire RopesMaharashtra Bharat Wires Ropes Maharashtra INTRODUCTION ON SALES PROFILE Sales Co-ordination Department occupies a strategic position in USHA MARTIN LTD. It spreads the organization’s effort to supply customer with ever increasing qualitative of product at profitable price. Good products at competitive price are not enough.Company’s success is affected by the dealings and association of the sales Co-ordination department with customer and public, sales Co-ordination department with other department with other department influence the company’s reputation with public. So each and every department is able to maintain a healthy relationship with sales department. QUALITY OBJECTIVES OF SALES CO-ORDINATION DEPARTMENT VISION: QUALITY WORK WITH LOWEST COST SALES PROCEDURE FLOW CHART ENQUIRY: First of all enquiry is made about the product required i. e. whether the company has required product of required size, length, weight, rate, delivery etc.QUOTATION: In Quotation Company gives detail info rmation on certain matter to the customers. The quotation includes: > Product variance > Rate > Lead time > Delivery > Making time PURCHASE ORDER: Purchase order gives the complete of the product demanded by the customer. Purchase order is packed to the Head office of the company. Along with the covering letter, the Purchase order is forwarded to the planning Department of the company and accordingly sales order is prepared. It contains following information: * Name of the customer with address. * Place, the products are to be delivered (consignee). * Reference no. hich is used as order number by the company. * Name of the product. * Size of the product. * Construction of the product. * Coating and core of the product. * Rate/price of the product. * Quantity of the product. * Remark. SALES ORDER: Sales order is prepared in the planning department with the help the existing system (BAAN). It contains entire information as given in the purchase order. Sales order is send to branch off ice, Kolkata marketing, quality assurance, sales co-ordination Department with the help of BAAN. BAAN is an intra organizational network connected with the computer and is automatically updated.SALES ORDER CONTAINS: * Customer address with code. * Order acceptance no. * Customer’s order no. * Quotation. * Order no. * Date. * Branch Name. * Consignee. * Taxes & Duties. * Postal address. * Other expenses. (Insurance, octroi, advance, commission) * Banker. * Payment terms. PRIME STOCK Prime stock is the MIS of finished goods. It is prepared by production department. It provides the clear picture of what products have been produced and their composition and thus it facilitates in analyzing. Prime stock report is sent to sales co-ordination department. It provides the following details: Sales order. * Project & lot. * Length of the product. * Weight of the product * Reel used for packing and its weight. * Type, size & construction of the product. * Coating lay, tensile. * Lubrican t used in the product. * Closing sheet date & status of the product. * Rate and value of the products. * Information regarding party code, consignee & Destination. * Inspection and age of the product. IMPORTANCE: a) Prime stock assists sales co-ordination department to take the decision in b) What ratio dispatch will be made. c) It helps in making the dispatch advice or rough challan no. ) It helps in knowing the detail specification of the products to be dispatched. PRODUCTION PLAN After the sales order has been made, the company plans about the raw materials to be purchased, the raw materials in stock, container requirement, delivery time etc. It contains the following plan: * Monthly production plan. * Quantity wise production plan. * Order wise production plan. * Raw material wise production plan. * Number of Man power needed. * Nos. of Reels, Bobbins required. * Machine planning. PRODUCTION: After production plan the actual production takes place in the production department.Th e following production process is followed: Rod Ironing Pickling Denting Wire Mill (rod is drawn to make wire) ROD WIRE STRAND ROPE WIRE * Galvanized (zinc or lead) * Black Rope: Construction: * 6/36 i. e. it contains 6 strands & one strand contain 36 wires. There are many Other constructions like 1/7, 6/7 , 6/26, 8/36 , 6/ 19 etc. * It may be G/S (Galvanize Steel) , B/S (Black Steel), G/F (Galvanize Fibre coat) etc. Q A Testing: The product produced is send to the QA department and when QA passes it certificate of test is released and then closing stock is ascertained. DISPATCH: For dispatch of goods following planning is done: * Advance dispatch plan * Container requirement. * Container Fumigation (Methyl bromide). * Loading . . . . . . . . LOGISTICS IN USHA MARTIN LIMITED The major elements of market logistics in UML are: * Order Processing * Ware Housing * Inventory * Transportation * Information Monitoring * GPS (Global Positioning System) . The Transportation System Introducti on The transportation system is the physical link connecting a company customers, raw materials suppliers , pants ,warehouses and channel members the fixed point in a logistics supply chain.The fixed points in the logistic system are where some activity temporarily halts the flow of goods in the logistics pipeline. The Role of Transportation In Logistics. Bridge over buyer-seller gap: Conceptually, a company’s logistics supply chain is a series of fixed points where the goods come to rest and transportation links. The transportation link permits good to flow between the various fixed points and bridges the buyer-seller gap. Value added: Transportation is the physical thread connecting the company’s geographically dispersed operation.More specifically, transportation added value to the company by creating time and place utility; the value added is the physical movement of goods to the place desired and at the time desired. Global impact: As supply chain becomes increasi ngly in our global economy, the transportation function is connecting buyers and sellers that may be tens of thousands of miles apart. The Transportation Selection Decision The carrier selection decision is a specialized purchasing process whereby a film purchases the service a carrier to provide the necessary link among logistics facilities.It must also consider the other costs associated with how the transport method’s services affected the facility operation. The transit time, the greater the inventory level the company requires to protect against stock outs until the next shipment arrives. Modal choice: Carrier selection is a twofold process. First the firm selects a transportation mode. The choice includes the basic mode of rail, water, trucks, air, and pipeline. In addition, intermodal transportation, which used two or more modes to provide services over a given traffic lane, is available.The most common forms of intermodal transportation include rail-truck (piggyback), truck – air and rail water. Specific carrier choice: the second step in the decision is to select a specific carrier from within the chosen mode or intermodal form. The specific carrier selection requires the firm to choose the legal carrier type: common, regulated, contract, exempt or private. , . MODE OF LOGOSTICS DEPARTMENTS Intermodal Transportation Intermodal transport services refer to the use of two or more carriers of different modes in the through movement of a shipment. PiggybackPiggyback is a specialized from in which rail and motor transport coordinate. In piggyback, the carrier places the motor carrier trailer on a rail flatcar, which moves the trailer by rail for long distance. A motor carrier combines the long- haul, low-cost advantage of rail with the accessibility of motor. Rail Truck Pipeline Water Air . . . TRANSPORTATION IN USHA MARTIN LIMITED The process adopted in UML for transportation under logistics are :- 1. ) Basic Mode Roadways 2. ) Specific type a) By Truck b) By trailer ) By container Specific Type Trailer Container Truck Mainly for Export 10 Wheeler 6 Wheeler Wheeler Diff. trailer with diff. capacity 30 ton 15 ton Open top Close on Fig- Flow chart of specific type of transportation TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT: UML is delivering the outgoing finished goods to the domestic customer through roadways and railways. Roadways cover the maximum delivery to the customers. But for the international customers UML is sending the finished goods through waterways (i. e. shipping). As we know that the water is the one of the cheapest means of transportation.Some times UML is meeting the customer’s need through airways, (the cost is to be paid by customers) when there is a quick delivery needed. Fig. Overall Process of Transportation In Usha Martin Limited (From sales Department) Process involve in Loading Cycle 1. ) Main gate security :- The truck / trailer reports to the main gate. The security officer inspects the vehicle no. , t ransport name, driver’s name and license no. the owner book and in time of the trucks. 2. ) Weigh bridge :- Here trucks are weighted before loading the material and a slip is given to the driver of tare weight. 3. Transporter reports to the sales officer :- The transporter reports to the department after the arrival of trucks inside the factory premises so as to prepare the loading advice. 4. ) Trucks reports to dispatch area :- After reporting to the main gate security and weight- machine the truck reports to the dispatch area to inform the department of its arrival. 5. ) Sales release the loading advice :- Soon after the transport reports, the department releases the loading advice so that the loading process starts. 6. ) Trucks are loaded as per the loading advice :- The dispatch section segregated material as per loading advice memo.The materials are loaded in such a way that the packing does not damaged during loading and in transit. 7. ) Loaded truck reports to weight b ridge :- After loading the trucks again reports to the weight machine. Here again a ship of grand weight and net weight is given to the driver. 8. ) Sales releases the dispatch documents :- The sale department releases the dispatch documents that consist of transporter note or receipt, excise / custom gate pass, packing list, certification of test, road permit that are attached to the invoice before handling over the documents to the transporter 9. ) Main gate security :-The second interactions clears or checks the party name and address, material description, quantity, invoice of the loaded truck and keep record of out time the loaded trucks. Fig. Flow of Transportation within Factory Premises (For Finished Goods) Distribution Network of UML, Ranchi EXPORTS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS BY UML Works Usha Martin Limited Ranchi Kolkata PortHaldia Port Mumbai Port Usha Martin, AmericaUsha Martin, Scandinavia Mid East Countries Usha Martin, Europe, UKUMLCOR, Africa To Different Customer Fig . Process of Export rope dispatch used by Usha Martin Limited (By sales Department)ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION USHA MARTIN INDUSTRIES assess the logistic function, which help the raw material which is purchased and then it is planned accordingly for the production and when the production is finished good is kept in the stock godown from there it is despatched according to the demand of the customer through the efficient distribution channels to the destination or warehouse accordingly. From Purchase Department:- Purchase department deals with the purchase of raw materials like wire rod and lubricants (from Jamshedpur), chemicals from (Mumbai) like, HCL Borax, etc.Propane gas (from GILO, Zinc lead (from Kolkata. ) In this department relevant information are incorporated in the purchase orders so that product supplied by the sub-contractors, meet desired quality requirements. The product is reviewed and approved by management representative and issued by head of quality system. The re sponsibility of implementing and maintaining the procedural steps of this procedure rests with in charge of purchase department. From planning Department:- Planning Department deals with the allocation of work according to product Planning Department review the purchase order.After receiving it becomes the sales order. It includes all the necessary details regarding product and also the address of the consignee. On the basis of this a W. P. S. (Work Plan Schedule) is prepared Plan horizon of UML is 15 days W. P. S. includes schedule of each and every day. That is from the day despatching of the product. Something advance planning is made for the products, which are always in, demands (for e. g. fishing rope). From production department:- The main manufacturing plants that U. M. I. contains are wire, strand and rope. Its wires and ropes are used for various purposes. For e. . fishing rope, engineering ropes etc. U. M. I. is specialists of L. C. W. R. ropes, which is mainly used, in m ining industries U. M. I. ropes have to go through a tensile strength test before DESPATCHING. Research Topic Before we start our research, it is necessary to have at least some idea of what to do? This is probably the most difficult and yet the most important component of the research project. Without being clear about what we are going to research it is difficult to plan how to research? Therefore formulating and clarifying the research topic is the starting point of any research project.Taking into account the above matter, the research topic is formulated as such: â€Å"SALES PROCEDURES & LOGOSTICS† Research Objective The research may begin with a general focus as a base from which to right a set of research objective. Objective is more generally acceptable as evidence of the researcher’s clear sense of purpose and direction. A research objective requires more rigorous thinking which derives from the use of more formal language. Therefore the broad objective of the study is : * To analyses the dispatch of wire & rope. * Control of loading cycle time. To obtain the required knowledge of the subject. * To study the existing Sales procedures & Logistics of UML. * To find out the related problem in its system and recommend solution as per the findings. * To analyse the working & function of the sales dept. or systems to know how well the manpower is utilized. * To study the distribution network. * To find out the lacunae in the functioning of the logistic department. * To find out whether the present distribution network need some changes. * To study the consumer's behaviour ; to find out which area needs improvement. To suggest corrective measures to tighten the loose threads in the area of study Sub-objective: These would be related to Sales Procedure and Logistics which contains the study of transportation. It would reveal: * Whether the sales procedure and Logistics are properly followed by UML or not. * If not, then where the improvement is required. * Is the existing system sufficient with some modifications and improvement or does it need’s to be changed to do the products well in the market and to increase the sales volume. Altogether the hypothesis / sub-objectives developed are: To analyze the performance of the approved transporter. * To reduce the loading cycle time. * To find out the fluctuation of transportation rates. * To find out the time in documentation while releasing the loaded truck. * To upgrade the existing system concerning flow of material related to the transportation. * To analyze the activity of dispatch section insuring loading and dispatch of correct material so that these are delivered at customer’s end in good condition. Research design: A research design is simply a frame work or plan for a study that guides the collection and analysis of data.It is a blue print that is followed in completing study the main purpose of the study is to maintain flexibility and to discover ideas and insights not previously recognized therefore the study has been conducted in two phases. * Exploratory study * Conclusive study Exploratory study: This research is often conducted because the problem has not been clearly defined as yet. It allows the researcher to familiarize himself with the problem or concept to be studied. It helps to determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.It has been aimed to study the basic know how about the Usha Martine Ltd. This has been done through making an introductory visit to all the functioning department of the company specially the sales co-ordination department. Conclusive study: This research is meant to provide information that is useful in reaching conclusions or decision making. The research relies on both the secondary data and the primary data. It has been conducted through interacting with various people of sales co-ordination, expertise, interviews, observations, data collection, office reco rd, questionnaires etc.Information Requirement In a broader sense we can say that the two types of data available to a research are Primary data and Secondary data. Primary data are generated when a particular problem at hand is investigated by the researcher employing mail, questionnaire, telephone surveys, personal interview, observation, experiment. The primary data which were required for the research and to get the information, done through the help of survey. The survey thus conducted, applying the various tools, to get the information . These are done though I. Observation.II. Questionnaire. III. Interview. The process by which the trucks are loaded and in accordance the data which were collected, is done through the help of observation, questionnaire, and personal interview let the researcher to know about the loading cycle time, fluctuation in transportation rate, loading and dispatch of correct material, documentation process, transporter view , employee ideas etc. Seconda ry data includes those data which are collected for some earlier research work and are applicable in the study, the researcher has presently undertaken.Secondary data include both quantitative and qualitative data, and they can be used in both exploratory research and conclusive research . There are variety of classification for secondary data. It may be documentary data, survey based data and those compiled from multiple sources. Documentary secondary data include written document of the organization. These records or the document include:- 1. Operating procedure of sales coordination department that are: a) Dispatch of wire. b) Packing of wire. c) Marking of wire. d) Dispatch of rope. e) Packing of rope or reel for Domestic / Export ) Packing of rope in coil for Domestic / Export. g) Calculation of the sub Contractor / Transporter performance rating. h) Approval of transporter. i) Handling storage and disposal of customer returned material. 2. Monthly dispatch figure of finished p roduct. 3. Daily dispatch figure of each product. 4. Organization websites. 5. Reports of committees. 6. Annual reports of the company. 7. Book. 8. Internet. 9. Domestic wise transportation rate per metric ton. 10. Dispatch documents consisting Invoice, Rough challan, Transporter consignment note, Guarantee certificate, Certificate for test, Road permit etc. 1. Placement and dispatch of containers and trucks. Sampling Generally when field studies are undertaken in practical life , consideration of time and cost need to a selection for the researcher and that is selection of few items. Sample Technique The items which are selected is called sample and the process which involves in selecting the sample is called sample technique. In this research, technique which is used for the collection of data is judgmental sampling. Before starting rational judgment is taken and the sample should be the representative of the entire transportation under logistics. Sample SizeThis refers to the no. of items to be selected. It should be neither excessively large nor too small, it should be optimum. The optimum sample is one which fulfills the requirement of efficiency, representatives, reliability and flexibility. The samples which are selected for the information collection are:- a) Monthly dispatch figure of last three years. b) Times taken by each truck for loading and also for the container were in number of five. c) Single truck / container each day for 5 days. d) Destination wise rates of transport for last three years. e) Performance rating of last quarter, ending of financial year 07 .Limitations The primary limitation of the project was the duration of one months that was set to complete the assignment. Lost of data had to be collected and analyzed for collecting the data regarding transportation. Many existing transporter could not interviewed. The secondary limitation was regarding to the secondary data collected from the internal sources of the company about the ap proved transporters, their products, loading cycle etc. because there was huge work pressure on managers as well as on supervisor Self visiting was not allowed by the company for collecting data.The company guide does have less time to spend with us because of busy schedule of sales-coordination department. Chart of time taken by each truck Findings From the entire study on total loading cycle time, it is observed that the total time taken by the trailer (including taking the empty container) and truck exceed the normal time frame. The normal time taken is more than 5 to 6 hrs. this variation ranges from 5 hrs to 22 hrs. There are more areas that have taken in to consideration which create delay in delivery.These are as follows:- * Late dispatch of documents led to late delivery of loaded trucks. The dispatch documents generally release after 4’o clock in the second half of the day and therefore even the trucks are fully loaded it waits for the document to get, before living the factory. * As per late preparation of’ certificate of test ‘by Quality assurance department the entire documentation process moves slow ; make delay. * The sample size taken to calculate the total loading cycle time of fine trucks / container shows that not a single vehicle is loaded , within a time period of five to six hrs. Delay in arrival or in time placement of trucks or trailers. * The way which involves the loading cycle is so complicated that even the transporter wants to arrive quickly, it takes enough time. * The trucks generally wait in queues because the trucks which have arrived earlier are there for loading the material / goods at loading point. * As soon as the truck reports to the factory the two way process starts, the one by the transporter and the other by truck driver. Transporter reports to the sales office and the truck to security then weigh bridge and so on. UML uses only a single mode of transportation and that is the road ways. * Trucks are loaded as per loading advice memo. Time varies in loading different types of material. For domestic supply the loading of material takes less time but for the export it takes enough time. Time also varies in loading the material which generally are product wise, size wise, and order wise. * On few occasion printing and painting of reels is done after placement of lorry. The loading cycle time in the whole process is greater and it is a lengthy procedure this time needs to be reduced.Suggestion / Recommendation While undergoing the study various flaws regarding documentation process, loading point, dispatch area, transportation was observed. During this period of our study various pit falls and problems in existing system we found ,so to provide UML a better future various options has been chalked out . * As per our analysis loading cycle time can be reduced by on-line system entry. As the truck reports the truck no. , transporter name etc. must be entered into the system by the sec urity officer. The information provided is uploaded by sales dept.The sales dept. then makes the loading advice memo entry in system accordingly and the dispatch dept. generates this loading memo and starts further process. * There should be a foolproof system of controlling, approving the placement of vehicles by logistics section to work under a committee comprising of 2/3 persons with empowerment to take decision. * Road permit, certificate of test ; other papers concerned with transportation should be arranged well in advance so as to avoid any type of delay in dispatching which might also avoid any type of delay in delivery. Painting ; printing of the reels should be done well in advance before the placement of lorry. Also material should be traced well in advance. * There should be some substitute for the weigh bridge in charge in case if he goes for lunch ; other miscellaneous activities. * There should be a provision to develop more loading points at each dispatch sections o f wire ; ropes , so as the trucks should not wait much to come to its turn for loading. Product wise, size wise, order wise, time varies for loading of different material , therefore there should be more loading point to tackle or overcome such difficulties. There should be a change in layout of loading cycle which creates some problem for heavy vehicle to weigh. This arrangement should be made easy and straight so that the process involved take less time. For example the weigh bridge should be placed near gate no. 3 which surely reduces the time in this period i. e. loading cycle period. * This entire process reduces the loading cycle time upto great extend and the work can be done effectively ; efficiently. Analysis of Monthly Despatch of Wire ; Rope 2007-10 (Quantity in MT) Month| 2009-10| 2008-09| 2007-08|April| 8150| 7750| 7533| May| 9369| 11295| 8279| June| 11399| 10686| 11960| July| 10474| 10679| 9342| Aug| 11614| 11547| 8667| Sep| 12955| 11827| 12326| Oct| 10148| 9818| 7595| Nov| 11197| 10889| 9070| Dec| 13721| 9266| 12366| Jan| 11189| 7467| 9026| Feb| 11133| 9070| 8380| Mar| 15643| 12019| 13344| Total| 136986| 122313| 117888| Monthly despatch figure from 2007-08 to 2009–10 Sale in Domestic Market for Year 2009-10 Month| Quantity(In MT)| April| 5870| May| 5988| June| 7157| July| 6948| August| 7240| September| 7698| October| 7224| November| 7369|December| 9533| January| 7814| February| 8083| March| 11451| Total| 92375 | Sales in Domestic market 2009-10 Sale in Domestic Market for Year 2009-10 Month| Quantity(In MT)| April| 5870| May| 5988| June| 7157| July| 6948| August| 7240| September| 7698| October| 7224| November| 7369| December| 9533| January| 7814| February| 8083| March| 11451| Total| 92375 | Sales in Domestic market 2009-10 Sale in Export Market for Year 2009-10 Month| Quantity(In MT)| April| 2280| May| 3380| June| 4241| July| 3525| August| 4374| September| 5257| October| 2924|November| 3827| December| 4187| January| 3374| February| 3050| March| 4192| Total| 44611| Sales in Export market 2009-10 SALES PERFORMANCE IN THE YEAR 2009-10 Fig. Sales Performance in the financial year 2009-10 Fig. Sales Performance in the financial year 2009-10 (in MT) SWOT ANALYSIS OF USHA MARTIN LIMITED STRENGTH: * Usha Martin Limited has a good brand image. * Usha Martin Limited produces good quality product. * Usha Martin Limited is one of the few producers in the world and in India as well which produces few specialty products like wire and wire rope. Usha Martin Limited has a good financial position. * Usha Martin Limited has a wide range of product. * It has big customer like Coal India, SAIL, TISCO, HEC, ONGC, ACC, CCL, BHEL, L;T etc. * Usha Martin Limited has a strong export market. * Usha Martin Limited has implemented TPM (Total Productive Management) and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in 2000-01 with the objective of increasing productivity, raising quality, and reducing costs. * In the Wire Rope division, the company entered Australia and South East Asia * The company acquired Brunt Shaw Ltd. a leading U. K. Wire Rope manufacturer, to source logically – advanced Ropes and access European Market. * Usha Martin Limited has a sound workforce infrastructure. * It has sound commercially viable infrastructure. * Usha Martin Limited has a prompt good Management Information System. * Usha Martin Limited performs many welfare activities for their employee by providing them medical facilities, bus facilities, and other welfare like canteen facility, vehicle advance and medical advance. * Usha Martin Limited has the second position in the world in producing specialty products. Usha Martin Limited has got a good market share of its product range in domestic market. WEAKNESS: * Usha Martin Limited. Products are available at higher price. * It has lack of warehouse and distribution centres. * Its machines and tools have become old and obsolete. * Lack of morale has been seen among the employee of the UML. OPP ORTUNITY: * It can increase its sales by reducing the cost, so that it can sell its product at lesser price. * It can upgrade its position if it makes alliances or merges with small rivals, which are doing well at different zones of the country. Usha Martin Limited can increase its profit if it gives more emphasis on direct marketing with the customer. * Usha Martin Limited should look for areas, where there is no supplies at all * Usha Martin Limited should market its products and services on a broader horizon. * Usha Martin Lmited should forge into those product ranges, which is feasible for its diversification. * Usha Martin Limited should seek for new market globally, where things are favourable for it. THREATS: * Small rivals are emerging at different parts of the country. *Low prices of the rival's product are a great threat for the Usha Martin Limited * Timely deliveries of the product by the competitors are putting more threat to the Usha Martin Limited. * Government always changes its policies & it brings a great threat to this organization. * Due to excess bundhs and chakka jams organised by the political parties and naxlites it is a big threats for this organisation. * Bad roadways of Jharkhand state results in late delivery of raw material and finished product and availability of raw materials at the right time. CONCLUSIONEvery organization stands on some pillars. These pillars are Finance, Marketing, operations and Human resources. To maintain the current position in the respective industry the organization has to be competent in all these areas. In case of UML, it is currently leader in the domestic market and no. two position in global market of wire rope industry. To maintain its current position at all the front as discussed above. After studying the sales procedure and systems of UML, it has been found that certain procedures are lengthy which can be reduced for effective functioning of the organization.And certain Jobs need to be off-loaded so that the manpower is utilized efficiently. It helps in coordination and functioning of the organization effectively, thus enhancing the productivity & profitability of the company. (1) Web sites concerned ———–(a). www. ushamartin. com (b). www. wirerope . com (c). www. google. com (2). Company Journal ———– (a)Annual report of UML (b)Office document (c) Usha News (3). Books Research Methods for Business Student —— Philip kotler

Marketing/Communications Aflac Duck Campaign

State of the Industry Paper Aflac Duck Campaign Introduction One company which has had success over the last decade is American Family Life Assurance Company or more commonly known as Aflac (duck voice). Historically, Aflac was a pretty successful company but they were still missing that one piece to make them recognizable. That one thing the company needed was a face and they found it when they launched their Aflac Duck Campaign. In this paper, the Duck campaign strategy will be discussed along with the history of Aflac, target audience and competition of Aflac, and the successful outcome of the campaign.History The American Family Life Assurance Company was founded in Columbus, Georgia by three brothers, John, Paul, and Bill Amos in 1955. Three years later, the company had their first big plan which was developing a cancer expense policy. Several years afterward, Aflac expanded by adding numerous diverse policies to cover accidents, dental, disability, hospital care, and other heal th events. In the 1960s, Aflac thrived on making presentations to companies with large groups of employees. Today, the overwhelming majority (96%) of Aflac’s policies are bought at work through a payroll-deduction basis.Later in the 1970s, Aflac continued its success by expanding into the Japan market. Aflac was only the third American company to sell insurance in Japan. This has proved to very successful since today, Japan is about three-quarters (75%) of the company’s revenue. Aflac continued to do well through the 1980s and into the 1990s and named a new CEO, Daniel Amos, in 1990. Under the newly appointed CEO, Aflac become a Fortune 100 best company to work in the United States in 2000. Overall the company had taken shape beautifully in its history.It was the largest provider of renewable insurance in the US and it was also the largest provider in Japan (History 2012). So what is the problem? Daniel Amos wanted to change one thing about his company and that was bra nd awareness. Despite the success, after initiating name awareness ad campaign in the United States Aflac the name recognition for Aflac came back at 2%. After various attempts to get the company recognized â€Å"The Duck† debuted on New Year’s Day in 2000 (Amos 2010). â€Å"The Duck† â€Å"We had to do something dramatic,† stated Aflac CEO Daniel Amos in a Harvard Business Review (Amos 2010).In the late 1990s, Aflac began listening to agencies pitch ideas for new television advertisements. One agency, Kaplan Thaler Group, was in a meeting tossing around ideas and they themselves were having a tough time remembering the name of the company. Amos explains, â€Å"One day, one of them asked, ‘What’s the name of the account we’re pitching? ’ A colleague replied, ‘It’s Aflac-Aflac-Aflac—Aflac. ’ Someone said that he sounded like a duck, and the idea was born† (Amos 2010). During testing of the differ ent advertisements, Kaplan Thaler ad scored 50% than what Aflac was previously doing.Amos liked that the commercial pointed fun at the company’s name (Amos 2010). When Daniel Amos tried explaining the ad to others they simply did not understand the reasoning behind it. The first Aflac Duck debuted on CNN on New Year’s Day in 2000 (Amos 2010). The bit ran four times an hour. From this point on the rest was history. The first day the commercial aired, Aflac had more visits to their website than the entire year before. Weeks later, the company was getting requests for stuffed animal versions of the duck (Amos 2010).Months later, Amos describes an event at Disney Studios that Aflac was sponsoring. â€Å"We didn’t know whether it would be a good idea to put ducks on all the tables†¦.. I was just watching to see if ducks were left on the tables,† said Amos. This next encounter confirmed Amos had found what he had been looking for. â€Å"I spotted the head of Disney Studios with a bulge under his jacket. When I jokingly asked him what was going on, he said, ‘I want you to understand that Donald is always king around here. But I want to take one home to my kids† (Amos 2010).Daniel Amos had found a dark horse. A duck quacking out the name of his company with various celebrities repeatedly asking for the company name was his winner. â€Å"The Duck† had been born. Target Audience Aflac believed it needed the duck to attract more of their target audience. With the company’s cancer expense services there was not much more room for growth from that audience. That audience is the 35 to 54 year old age group because most of the company’s policies came from business groups. Since Aflac was trying to make a push in selling more policies regarding accident nd liability insurances, they wanted to reach out more to families and attract new customers. Since many other insurance companies offer pretty much the same i nsurance policies Aflac needed a way to stick out (Sunset 2008). This is where the duck comes in. Competition Insurance is always a buyer’s market because everybody wants to have coverage and be protected from accidents, liabilities, health, and other events. Aflac offered similar services to its competing insurance companies such as Citizens Financial Corporation, Conseco Incorporated, and Amerisafe Incorporated.In a tough industry, Aflac had a hard time selling policies outside of their corporate base that they had already built years prior (Sunset 2008). They needed a way to leapfrog the competition. This where the duck comes in. Marketing Strategy behind â€Å"The Duck† As mentioned previously, the Kaplan Thaler Group (KTG) was responsible for creating the pitch idea for â€Å"The Duck. † KTG had developed their own advertising model called â€Å"Big Bang. † KTG’s website describes a â€Å"Bang† as, â€Å"†¦creates brand experience s and connections resulting in deep relationships† (Thaler).Aflac was looking for that deep relationship with consumers so they could be recognized. All the initial spots for Aflac comprised of one central theme. It turned the company’s weakness, a difficult name, into its strength by making that most of the campaign’s humor (Sunset 2008). In all the early advertisements, it started with a small group of discussing a recent accident or trying to decide what insurance company they should buy policies from. In both spots, the people cannot recall the name of an insurance company, the duck pops up and quacks, â€Å"Aflac! This happens continuously throughout the commercial typically with the duck doing something humorous in the background. When people watched more and more of these commercials they already knew what they were getting and that was Aflac. The name became instantly memorized because of the repetition the commercial provided. Looking at the ads, there are several examples of tactics discussed from class. As discussed in Day 12 of lecture, just the foundation of distraction played a role in the commercials. Using the humor of the duck repeating the company name distracted you from what the company s trying to sell but you remembered the name and it made you interested in what the company was. Also from Day 12, the commercial displays the elaboration likelihood model. The level of elaboration is low thus leads the viewers to view the message peripherally. Now since the viewers understand this peripherally they are not taking logic, information, or rational thinking into account. They are viewing it as humorous, which in the Aflac advertisements sparked a change in attitude because immediately the company was more recognized.People accepted the position of the message, the name recognition, probably due to how it was spoken to them and who was saying it. A duck quacking the company name to you repeatedly is easy to remember. Also, p eople had the ability to process the message of name recognition because now that it had a symbol/face it was so easy to remember. Now that the marketing strategies behind â€Å"The Duck† have been revealed, it is easy to understand why there were immediate results. Outcomes/Results As previously mentioned, the day Aflac aired their first â€Å"Duck† commercial; they had more visits to their website that day than the previous year.In the first two weeks of the first year (2000), the company had more sales leads than in 1998 and 1999 combined. In the second quarter of the first year, the company had a record quarter of $168 million in sales (Sunset 2008). In the first year of â€Å"The Duck† in the United States, sales went up 29%. In three years, sales were doubled (Amos 2010). For the first time ever accident/disability insurance swapped with cancer-expense insurance for the company’s number one product (Sunset 2008). Also in the third year, Daniel Amosà ¢â‚¬â„¢s goal was met. Aflac achieved 94% brand awareness.The new account growth increased 10% and the mid-sized business accounts increased 20% (Kaplan Case Study). In 2008, Aflac’s two main markets, USA and Japan, had combined revenue of $16. 6 billion, which is almost double the revenue from the last year (1999) without â€Å"The Duck† (Amos 2010). Aflac has also been named a Fortune 100 Best Company to Work For over the last fourteen years. Aflac was also named on Fortune 500’s list for Best Company overall (Corporate Report 2012). In 2010, Aflac was the number one preferred voluntary insurance carrier (Kaplan Case Study).These results speak for themselves and Aflac is not slowing down. â€Å"The Duck† is everywhere. Looking at Aflac’s website, there are numerous ducks on each page. Aflac is one of the main sponsor’s for NASCAR driver Carl Edwards, who has a giant ducks all around his car. â€Å"The Duck† makes an appearance yearl y in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade. Aflac has become a mainstay in the world of college football by sponsoring The Heisman Trophy and â€Å"The Duck† often makes appearances with â€Å"The Aflac Trivia Question. † Aflac also makes appearances with the National Football League and Major League Baseball (Aflac Homepage). The Duck† has met some stars over the years as well such as Chevy Chase, Yogi Berra, Yao Ming, the 2004 United States Olympic Swim Team, and even cartoon characters Bugs Bunny and fellow duck, Daffy. Over time, â€Å"The Duck† has also appeared on â€Å"The Tonight Show† and â€Å"Saturday Night Live† (Sunset 2008). â€Å"The Duck† has garnered several awards itself. In 2004, â€Å"The Duck† was named one of the country’s favorite advertising figures (Press Release 2004) and was an original member of the Advertising Walk of Fame (Sunset 2008). Also, a two time Gold Effe Winner (2002 & 2004), Web by Award for Best Web. Com (2010), and People’s Voice Award Winner. The Duck† also had a higher Q Score, which measures familiarity, than Ronald McDonald and the Energizer Bunny (Kaplan Case Study). Aflac does not plan on slowing down this phenomenon either with their newest Duck campaign, â€Å"Get the Alfacts. † Conclusion In conclusion, it should be obvious that the Aflac Duck was one of the most successful campaigns in the past few decades. The company had a great start with their good long history but it just needed that final push. The marketing strategy put in place by Kaplan Thaler Group and Aflac was well put together and they created the company symbol they wanted. The Duck† was able to target the audience, beat out the competition, and get the results Aflac was looking for. When Ms. Kaplan Thaler was asked if the duck will begin saying more than â€Å"Aflac,† she replied, â€Å"That’s going to be up to him. Right now, the Aflacts s peak for themselves† (Elliott 2009). References Sunset, B. (2008, January 28). The Aflac Duck Campaign. Retrieved from http://marketing-case-studies. blogspot. com/2008/01/aflac-duck-2000-campaign. html Amos, D. (2010). How I Did It: Aflac's CEO Explains How He Fell For The Duck. Retrieved from http://www. nternationalistmagazine. com/AflacsCEO. pdf Case Studies Kaplan Thaler. Retrieved from http://kaplanthaler. com/clients/case_studies Thaler, L. , Thaler, R. BANG! Getting Your Message Heard in a Noisy World. Retrieved from http://www. thepowerofsmallbook. com/index. php/other Abbey, R. (2010). Encouraging Animal Advertisers to Pay for the Use of Animal Images: A Voluntary Certification Approach. Retrieved from http://sjalp. stanford. edu/pdfs/Abbey. pdf Elliott, S. (2009, April 21). Not Daffy or Donald, but Still Aflac’s Rising Star. Retrieved from http://www. ytimes. com/2009/04/22/business/media/22adco. html? _r=1;scp=2;sq=Aflac;st=cse (2012). Aflac 2012 Corporate C itizenship Report. Retrieved from http://www. aflac. com/us/en/docs/investors/CSRReport. pdf (2012). Aflac History. Retrieved from http://www. aflac. com/aboutaflac/corporateoverview/history. aspx (2004, September 20). Aflac Press Release. Retrieved from http://www. aflac. com/aboutaflac/pressroom/pressreleasestory. aspx? rid=616598 (2012). Aflac Homepage. Retrieved from http://www. aflac. com/aboutaflac/corporateoverview/missionandvalues. aspx

Classification Essay - 'Life's A Door' Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classification - 'Life's A Door' - Essay Example What’s important, and something that we frequently forget, is that professors have personalities as well as their own lives outside of the classroom. Yes, believe it or not, professors have their own lives and some even their own families! Professors do not exist on this planet solely to lecture, scold and fail students . While the personalities of professors are varied, this research essay seeks to demystify the illusive Fordham University professor personality. This classification essay thus endeavors to place things systematically into categories and endeavor to discover the larger patterns of professors’ personalities by grouping ideas and concepts together. What does our classification of professor’s doors reveal about professors? The following will explore this important question with an eye to understanding the illusive personalities of Fordham University professors. Exploring the hallways of our University, I stumbled across a wide array of information on the doors of professors which led me to hesitantly conclude that yes, professors at our esteemed institute of higher education do have personalities! In the United States professors often seem preoccupied with lectures, exams and securing necessary funding for research projects. Little do we – the students – know that our professors have vibrant and often eccentric personalities. Looking at the eclectic doors of the professors of Fordham University, I had the opportunity to understand a little bit about what inspires professors and makes them tick. Exploring the doors of professors I determined that professionalism and humor were key to uncovering the personalities of professors. Following this, inspirational sayings were another important characteristic of the doors of profs as they sought to inspire the student body. Finally, unabashed departmental promotion was a characteristi c which was

The Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility Concept Assignment

The Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility Concept - Assignment Example Currently, it has become a focus for many companies due to its continuing commitment to help businesses contribute to economic development by being responsible to their respective stakeholders (Hancock, 2005, 12). The greater part of the CSR has helped manage or improve environmental and social impacts of the company. The increased use of CSR has encouraged the corporate sector to be more environmentally and socially responsible particularly at a time when the crisis has damaged consumer’s level of trust in the operations of the company. This coupled with the rise in transparency and social media has facilitated companies to begin taking CSR more seriously in order to help reduce their environmental impacts (Louche et al, 2010, 209). Corporate social responsibility has helped enterprises to contribute to the highly competitive social market economy and sustainable development. Responsible business conduct has helped many private sector operators to provide public services. For instance, they have provided employment opportunities, social amenities as well as sustainable, smart and inclusive growth (Mullerat & Brennan, 2011, 29).   CSR has facilitated engagement with both external and internal stakeholders thus enabling businesses to take advantage of societal fast-changing expectations as well as operating conditions. The enterprises have acted as drivers for the emergence of other markets and the development of real opportunities for growth. Companies normally commit responsible investment in various sectors of the economy to enhance the social welfare of their stakeholders. This results in economic growth thus improving the living standards of the stakeholders (Mullerat & Brennan, 2011, 89). Corporate social responsibility planning has come to the forefront for major companies’ future growth opportunities. Their increased investment in CSR initiatives, for instance, environmental initiative, has been very attractive in inducing economic stimulus of a country while at the same  time achieving solid CRS goals.

Organisational Behavior and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Behavior and Analysis - Essay Example Through motivation, employees strive to perform at their best. Motivating employees is definitely a challenging task for any organisation. Hence, the financial rewards deliver an actual method to inspire and compensate the employees and tap them for better and exciting activities (Kohn, 1999). Rewards According to Janet Spence (1971), rewards tend to have a positive impact on motivation which involves the performance of employees to a large extent. Rewards serve as motivations for employees in an effort to inspire them in various methods such as altering job positions, reorganising job plans, developing working situations, and ranges of other activities (Kohn, 1999). The idea and prerequisite for motivation has been enticing much attention in the continuous change of business situation, altering technologies in the area of business and increasing difficulties. These aspects generate interference on the performance and on the level of proficiency of employees. Therefore, motivation he lps to maintain the level of proficiency as well as improve and even develop the performance of the employees to a significant extent. ... and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is demarcated as conducting an activity for intrinsic fulfilment rather than some distinguishable significance. When the employees are motivated intrinsically, they begin to act for excitement or challenge involved in their assigned tasks rather than due to external reasons, stresses or rewards. According to Hull (1943), a type of employees’ behaviour is the consequence of the motivation that was delivered by emotional forces, and the intrinsically motivated activities were specified to be those activities which offered satisfaction of the intrinsic emotional requirements. Employees have been witnessed to be motivated by satisfying their individual and inner requirements such as requirement for liberation, skill, positive relationship and better working environment in organisation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Intrinsic motivation is a vital instrument for open-ended intellectual improvement as it is the driver of impulsive assessment and c uriosity. Intrinsic form of rewards can be stated as internal procedure of rewards which is experienced by an employee while undertaking a particular task such as new challenges, modification of work or task on the positive achievement of objectives, positive gratitude and sympathetic attitude of the company. To some extent, the financial contemplation or pay benefits does not work well as a motivator after surpassing a certain level of survival. In those conditions, the intrinsic features or elements swap the extrinsic aspect and act as robust and efficient motivators for employees (Ryan & Deci, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsic rewards are denoted to those rewards that appear in the form of material and are recognised as external with respect to task accomplished or implemented. The

The enforcement procedure of Article 228 (2) ECT is in dire need of Essay

The enforcement procedure of Article 228 (2) ECT is in dire need of reform. Discuss this statement in the light of the existing case law of the ECJ - Essay Example Indeed in Francovich & Boniface v Italy [1993]3 the ECJ stated that 'Community law lays down a principle according to which a Member State is liable to make good damage to individuals caused by a breach of Community law for which it is responsible'. The Commission is empowered to bring enforcement actions under Article 226. Article 228 provides the remedy for an Article 226 action. Steiner and Woods et al4 argue that the ability to bring Member States to book for non-compliance is 'vital for the success of the Community' as it ensures both effective implementation of European Community law and 'illustrates certain supranational elements in the Community structure.' In order to ensure the proper functioning and development of the common market, the Commission shall: -- ensure that the provisions of this Treaty and the measures taken by the institutions pursuant thereto are applied. If the Commission considers that a Member State has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty, it shall deliver a reasoned opinion on the matter after giving the State concerned the opportunity to submit its observations. A 'failure' can be an act or an omission to act to prevent an infringement by any agency of the State, even if that agency is constitutionally independent: Case 77/69 Commission v Belgium [1970]5. Such acts/omissions include any obligation arising from EU law and cover the Treaties, other EU legal instruments such as directives and general principles of EU law.The primary purpose of Article 226 is to persuade Member States to be compliant. Note in the wording of Article 226 that although the Commission has to deliver a reasoned opinion it would appear that it is optional whether or not it brings the matter before the Court6. To this end Article 226 provides Member States with ample opportunity to seek a non-contentious settlement of any dispute between itself and the Commission. 30% of all disputes are settled under the administrative procedure at the preliminary informal stage7. The main criticism of Article 226 is that it is a lengthy process with the ultimate outcome being nothin g more than a declaration of non-compliance by the ECJ. Given the latitude Member States have prior to the Commission commencing action under the second paragraph of Article 226, it is no wonder that the Commission is particularly sensitive to non-compliance with an Article 226 ECJ decision in its role of 'guardian of the treaties', stating: 'Non-compliance with a judgement of the ECJ thus strikes at the heart of the legal order of the Community'8. It is only after the Commission has continuously monitored the situation, issued a formal notice, received the Member State's observations and sent it a formal notice and another reasoned opinion - and there is

Relationship Marketing of services-perspectives Essay

Relationship Marketing of services-perspectives - Essay Example As Evert Gummesson (1999) advocates total relationship marketing as " Marketing based on relationships, networks and interaction, recognizing that marketing is embedded in the total management of the networks of the selling organization, the market and society". It is directed to long term, win-win relationships with individual customers, the value is jointly created between the parties involved". In the above context if we look at affinity cards networks of relationship we can easily see three parties which are involved in the relationship network are; affinity credit card issuing bank, charity or political parties or universities or other types of such organizations and the customer who held and actually using the affinity credit cards and also members of above mentioned organizations. Basically affinity cardholders are members of a particular organization or somewhat related to organizations in the form of any relationship. It may be direct or indirect like supporters of any club or political parties. Basic relationship exists between actual affinity card users and the organization to which they belongs or affiliate directly or indirectly. On the basis of such relationships organizations develop or forge a networked relationship with the bank. The second type of relationship exists between organization and the affinity card issuing branch/bank. The relationship between bank and organization depend on mutual benefits. Bank gets the loyal customers from the memberships of the organization who use their affinity credit cards and in exchange, organization gets some monetary benefits as agreed upon by the organization and the bank. This type of business-to-business relationship depends on mutual benefits for both the parties. Bank gets the whole memberships of the organization as their customer without much of investment in customer enhancement activities and the organization benefited by getting some initial signup fee and recurring money for every buying throug h credit cards. Finally the relationship between customer and organization depends on some intangible aspects such as loyalty, pride, brand using status etc. and a distinct identity. 2. As Cardweb.com (www.cardweb.com) estimated that 250 million affinity credit cards were in circulation worldwide and it is almost one-third of all credit cards. So affinity credit cards have larger share in the credit card market. If we see the reason behind the growth of affinity card market up to such level, the main reason behind this type of business is mutual benefits and trust. As we have discussed the three parties or stake holders involved in business get mutually benefited. The banks, which issue credit card, get a larger number of customers at one go. Services involving discrete transactions can be transformed into membership relationships by providing services in bulk. The advantage for the banks to provide services to the organizations of having membership relationships is that it knows who its current customers are and, usually, what use they make of the services offered. This customer information can be valuable for segmentation purposes if good records are kept and t he data are readily accessible for analysis. Banks after knowing the identities and addresses of

Drake Circus Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drake Circus - Article Example It is managed by Donaldsons LLP which runs over 250 shopping centres throughout Europe (www.drakecircus.com/background). The original Drake Circus shopping centre was a two level centre with open malls constructed in the early 1970s. Initial proposals to redevelop it in the early 1990s failed, but the developers, P&O Estates, tried again in the early part of the 21st century. Plans were drawn up for a much larger centre and having signed up Allders as the first anchor tenant in 2001 and Marks & Spencer in early 2004, work started on demolishing the old centre and the adjoining Charles Cross car park in February 2004. The new building, designed by Chapman Taylor Partnership, has provoked a mixed reception (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Circus). The scheme suffered a setback in January 2005 when Allders went into administration, but other tenants, including Zara, Boots the Chemist, Virgin Megastore and H&M continued to commit to the scheme. New anchor tenants to replace Allders were found in summer 2005 in the guise of Next and Primark. The new development was topped out in June 2005 and the scheme opened, 90% let, on 5 October 2006 (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Circus). The new car park has five levels, with the first two levels larger than the upper three. It will have dedicated entry and exit ramps which will keep queue times to a minimum. There will be wider spaces, more headroom and much better levels of lighting. Interior finishes will be painted white with good direction signage for both cars and pedestrians. The car park will be well lit, with high levels of visibility for drivers and those on foot and clear signage that will comply with the 'secure by design' standard promoted by the police authority (www.drakecircus.com/background). The whole of Drake Circus shopping centre has been designed, wherever possible in line with the latest disability access regulations, will be wheel-chair friendly with ample provision of lifts, ramps and specially designated parking spaces for blue badge holders. Enhanced facilities for the ambulant disabled will also be provided (www.drakecircus.com/background). The scheme incorporates facilities for the loan of wheelchairs and powered scooters. Car Parking: Drake Circus is a "Pay on Foot" car park - so no more worrying about your time running out and having to dash back to your car! Simply take your ticket when you arrive and keep it with you while you shop. When you're ready to leave simply pay by cash or card at one of the pay stations, located on each car park levels before you return to your car. Technological impact in shopping centre sales: Advances in Information Technology are constantly

Morality in Copying CD’s Essay Example for Free

Morality in Copying CD’s Essay Morality is an issue that will forever encompass debates from thousands of sectors around the world. There are no definite set of rules of what is moral and what is not; as such, it will infinitely be hard to define. Judging someone’s morality is going to be difficult given this lack of definitive structure of the subject itself. This paper will be discussing piracy (which is what copying cd’s may lead to) in the context of morality. As difficult as the task may sound, this paper shall try to be as objective as it can be given the infinite boundary of the context. Piracy Piracy has been the thorn on the side of the music industry since the early 1990’s. Piracy is not even hard to do, given that one must simply stick a CD to a computer then transfer its entire contents to another and from there, numerous other copies can be made. The cycle does not and will not stop because most people prefer things for free. College students who must be the most frequent computer users will not be averse to copying CDs and distributing it to others. They sure enjoy their music and they normally are under strict budget due to their educational financial needs. The music industry is not the only field that piracy has wrecked. Almost anything that is being distributed on a CD or uploaded online has been endangered by piracy. Software is easily pirated, the newest Microsoft products are easily found on bootleg shops, finding its way easily in the third world black market. Aside from software, there are videogames and movies that can easily be copied and sold for much less than the producer originally retailed it, all illegally, of course. With piracy, the artists, software developers, producers, actors, programmers suffer as they are not paid the royalties they deserve for working hard on their respective projects but the consumers win, as they get the media they want/need for free or at a considerably lower price. The Utilitarian Approach According to Velasquez, et al. (1989), â€Å"utilitarianism is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected.† The utilitarian approach can certainly be used by those who copy the CD’s and distribute it to a wider span of users. When a person purchases a CD and uploads its entire content online on a file sharing site, his reasoning is that, such upload can share the music to a wider variety of people. These people can get it for free thanks to that one person who uploaded it for sharing out of the goodness of his heart. When a person buys a CD, he has paid for rights to use the content of that music. No matter how he abuses the content of that CD by repeated usage is something he is entitled to do. However, copying the entire contents of the CD and giving the copy to another person is another story as herein, he has breached some legal boundaries of his usage. Morality may be a subject that is infinite but legality has very strict confines and stepping beyond its boundaries is punishable by a hefty sum, long hours of community service or jail time. The utilitarian reasoning is not a defense against illegal acts and as such, one cannot escape punishment by reiterating that he committed piracy for the benefit of the world, out of the goodness of his heart. In addition, the utilitarian approach does not consider the minority who will be affected by such act. For instance, the loss of income to those people who have labored to bring the media out on the market is not something utilitarianism will consider. Deontological Ethics According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.), â€Å"in deontological ethics an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good.† Given this definition, copying CDs onto another computer, given today’s anti-piracy campaign, is not going to be considered moral even though the intentions maybe good and the act may be easy to do. Music, movie, software, videogame industries have lost billions of dollars because of piracy, they are trying to fight it as best they can and as such, there are piracy warnings/threats on almost every media distributed. Doing it anyway will certainly question one’s morality over it. To circumvent this, one does not usually copy CD’s. He goes to websites where he can share files. However, in the UK, such file sharing can now be considered illegal (Solanki 2010). Such is the campaign against piracy that in the US, every digital media sold in the market is protected by DRM, a software that limits the number of devices the content can be played in to typically, 5 machines (Grossman 2007). Exceeding this limit can raise questions on one’s morality via Deontological Ethics. Conclusion Copying the contents of a CD is piracy. Piracy nowadays is a criminal offense that is punishable by law. One can hardly find anything moral over something that is illegal. Even though piracy may be the most tolerated crime in the world, it will be best for the person to stay on the conservative side and not commit it, for his personal welfare. References: Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.) Deontological ethics. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158162/deontological-ethics Grossman, L. (2007). The Battle Over Music Piracy. Time.   Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1625209,00.html Solanki, M. (2010). File sharing becomes illegal as Government pushes through Digital Economy Bill. SeekBroadband. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://seekbroadband.com/focus/2010/04/09/internet-technology-news/file-sharing-becomes-illegal-as-government-pushes-through-digital-economy-bill/ Velasquez, M. et al. (1989). Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. Issues in Ethics V2 N1. Retrieved 19 July 2010 from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/calculating.html

Background Of Pulmonary Edema Health And Social Care Essay

Background Of Pulmonary Edema Health And Social Care Essay Heart failure is a medical condition that consequences as the heart is incapable to supply adequate blood flow to convene metabolic necessities or contain systemic venous arrival. According to Conte and Clinton (2012), this widespread state influences over 5 million individuals in the United States at an expense of $10-38 billion annually. In this paper, we will discuss a type of heart failure, Pulmonary Edema. Considering its etiology, types, and symptoms, we will also discuss the methodologies of its treatment. Introduction Pulmonary edema is a situation due to reason of surplus liquid in the lungs. This kind of liquid collects inside oxygen sacks inside lungs, rendering it hard to inhale and exhale (Kapoor, 2011). Typically, heart disease cause pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema can be generally put into cardiogenic and also non-cardiogenic reasons. Cardiogenic factors behind pulmonary edema are a result of high pressure in the arteries from the lung due to poor heart function. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema could be frequently brought on by Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Renal failure, quick incline so that you can large altitudes greater than 10,000 ft, The rapidly increasing lung, a great overdose in strong drugs or methadone, Pain killers drug or even chronic large dosage utilization of aspirin, or in unusual instances pulmonary embolism, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), a few infections, or perhaps eclampsia in pregnant women. Most sufferers with pulmonary edema inside internal medicine section tend to be elderly, having ischaemic heart problems, hypertension, diabetes, plus a previous history of pulmonary edema. The entire mortality will be large (in-hospital, 12%) and the predictors connected with large in-hospital fatality are related to remaining ventricular myocardial operate. Pulmonary vessels generate a great disproportion in the startling pressure, ultimately causing increase in the liquid filtering into the interstitial, spaces with the bronchi that exceeds the lymphatic system capacity to drain the particular liquids apart, increasing quantities associated with smooth leak into the alveolar room, the particular lymphatic system drain pipes extra extracellular fluid quantity. In the event the alveolar tissue is damaged, the particular liquid builds up in the alveoli. Hypoxemia grows if the alveolar tissue layer is thickened simply by simply fluid which affects exchange of air and also as fluid fills opening and alveolar area, lung complying decreases and air diffusion. The most common symptom of pulmonary edema will be breathlessness or perhaps breathlessness. Additional common symptoms can sometimes include easy tiredness, more rapidly developing difficulty breathing than usual having typical exercise (dyspnea in exertion), quick inhaling (tachypnea), dizziness, or weak point. Etiology and Overview: The etiology of pulmonary edema is divided into two groups: Cardiogenic: It is defined as pulmonary edema because of amplified capillary hydrostatic pressure minor to prominent pulmonary venous stress. It reflects the accretion of liquid with low-protein substance in the lungs and alveoli as a consequence of cardiac malfunction. It is caused by high pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of liquid into the pulmonary artery and alveoli. Myocardial infarction is the universal discovery in these sufferers following-on in left ventricular malfunction and greater than before hydrostatic pressure (Bajwa Kulshrestha, 2012). Non-Cardiogenic: This is caused by various disorders in which factors other than elevated pulmonary capillary pressure are responsible for protein and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), is caused by changes in permeability of the pulmonary capillary membrane as a result of either a direct or an indirect pathologic insult. The major reasons of non-cardigenic PE are Drowning, Acute glomerulonephritis, Fluid overload, infections and mismatch during blood transfusion, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, anxiety, Inhalation injury, allergic effects, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), distress, inhalation of polluted air, Hanta virus (caused by rats having symptoms alike flu), etc. Statistics: With a getting old population and growing figures of patients enduring severe myocardial infarcts, there is a rising figure of patients with pulmonary edema. Heart malfunctioning is the most universal reason of admittance to hospital in the Medicare population in America, and more or less a million patients (978,000) were hospitalized with the identification of pulmonary edema in 1998. Other western states, for instance, Australia and the UK possess a likewise high occurrence. Authorized researches reveal that 746 per year, 62 per month, 14 per week, and 2 per day deaths are reported due to pulmonary edema. Physiology and Pathophysiology: According to Plummer and Campagnaro (2013), timely diagnosis of pulmonary edema is necessary as the situation is finely supervised by abolishing the neurogenic activator. A circulatory system of a normal person functions such that the flow of fluid from pulmonary capillaries to lungs equals removal of fluid by pulmonary lymphatic and the normal pulmonary capillary pressure is about8 mmHg. Signs and symptoms: Pulmonary Edema can be initially diagnosed by considering the symptoms such as Dyspnea (trouble in inhalation), orthopnea (conciseness of breathing), nervousness or sentiment of imminent destiny, frothy-pink or salmon-colored sputum (coughed-up matter), Cyanosis (bluish dermal state), paleness, Diaphoresis (extreme sweating), difficulty to laze horizontal, and reduced predictive indications such as Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in body tissue), irregular blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and enlarged pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Physical exam Patients suffering from pulmonary edema can demonstrate vital signs showing tachypnea (state of hasty inhalation), tachycardia (fast heart rate), and hypotension (irregular low blood pressure). Integument exam can reveal skin paleness and another condition of Livedo Reticularis i.e. skin yellowing, emerging with marks. Pulmonary exam shows atypical panting sounds with infrequent wheezing and odd breathing pattern with employment of secondary muscles. Cardiac exam exposes Pulsus alternans a state of discontinuous weak and strong pulse which can be an indication of left ventricular malfunction in Congestive Heart Failure and abnormal hums in cardiac diaphragm. Pathophysiology: Pulmonary edema grows when the transport of fluid from the blood vessels to the interstitial gap and in a number of cases to the alveoli surpass the arrival of fluid to the blood by route of the lymphatic. It is initiated by discrepancy in Starling pressures and crucial injury to a variety of constituents of the alveolar capillary membrane. Also, the order of fluid exchange and accumulation in the lungs and air sacs is disturbed. The pulmonary edema is represented upon three separate successive phases: Phase 1 amplification in transport of fluid from blood capillaries to the interstitial gap Phase 2 lymphatic does not follow fast pace and fluid and colloid start to amass Phase 3 alveolar capillary membrane is incredibly slender and bursts instantly, consequently alveolar overflow takes place Treatment: When evaluating the patients, a chest x-ray is essential in differentiating between aspiration pneumonitis and pulmonary edema (Udeshi, Pierre, Cantie, 2010). The goal of treatment of patients of pulmonary edema is to reduce pulmonary venous and capillary strain, enhance cardiac output, and correct the fundamental pathological conduct. Offering oxygen is the first step in therapy regarding pulmonary edema. You always obtain oxygen via a face mask or even nasal cannula à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ a flexible plastic material tube having 2 openings that provide inhalation to both nostrils. Preload decreasing drugs lower pressure brought on by smooth starting the heart and lungs. Morphine (Astramorph) may be used to relieve shortness of breath and also anxiety. Afterload reducers widen your blood vessels and also take a pressure insert away your heartà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ventricle. Later treatments include drug and oxygen therapy. The process of Drug therapy is slightly complicated as compared to the oxygen treatment. The application of loop diuretics e.g., torsemide, bumetanide, furosemide renders vasodilation and reduces pulmonary blocking. Besides, overseeing metolazone for treatment of Congestive Heart Failure is an important aspect here. Vasodilators provide dilation of vascular artery, consequently lessening the pulmonary vascular pressure. Morphine sulfate tends to cause venous dilation and Aminophylline is prescribed after the signs of wheezing are seen. Oxygen therapy is relatively an easy process for the treatment of patients of pulmonary edema. An uncomplicated technique of Intubation is employed. However, motorized ventilation may perhaps be essential, depending on the severity of disease. Other processes are continuous positive airway pressure PAP method of respiratory ventilation mainly to avoid tracheal intubation and bi-level PAP used when airway is required with the accumulation of pressure maintenance. Swan-Ganz catheter The pulmonary artery catheter is commonly known as Swan-Ganz catheter, may be the incorporation of catheter in a pulmonary artery. The objective is diagnosis (assessment and inference); also utilized to identify heart failure or sepsis, observe therapy, and assess the consequences of medications. The pulmonary artery catheter permits undeviating, concurrent analysis regarding pressures inside right atrium, ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium. Conclusion As we have already considered the statistics regarding the pulmonary edema, although it is becoming common these, yet prevention of every disease is possible. The patients who already are suffering from this, shall adhere firmly to treatment and comply with the directions given by their physicians, they should make certain that they spend their daily life according to the doctors advices and counseling, such that their situation remains under control. Also, a healthy person, to avoid pulmonary edema if follows a fit, well balanced meal and continue with an suggested bodyweight according to his age and height, his danger of developing pulmonary edema will be a great deal lesser than a person who does not follow the tips of living a healthy life.